Difference between 2 companies Free Essay Example, 3000 words

McDonald’s Ownership A McDonald’s restaurant can be operated through a number of avenues, these include either by an affiliate, a franchisee or directly by the corporation itself. While most of the company’s operations within the United States are operated by the company directly, the company primarily relies on the use of franchising operations in conducting its operations in its other locations. The term franchising has been used to describe many different forms of business operations, however a franchise is basically an agreement between two parties that comprise of the franchisee and the entrepreneur (franchisor). A franchise agreement grants the franchise the authorization and right to operate a specific McDonald’s restaurant at given location. McDonald’s franchise agreements usually have a time span of 20 years (Gilbert, 2009). The franchise is given a number of rights that include the right to use the McDonald’s trademark and method of operation. On the other h and, McDonald’s is able to obtain its corporate revenue through the collection of royalties, rent and the fees that franchisees are required to pay as well as the sales that the company operated restaurants are able to make. McDonald’s Organizational Structure McDonald’s employs the use of a number of different structures to help it in running its operations at different levels. We will write a custom essay sample on Difference between 2 companies or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Fashion Of William Shakespeare s Time - 1103 Words

http://alharthisamah.wix.com/16thcenturyfashion Samah Alharthi English 206 Dr. Swanson 22-02-1016 Fashion in Shakespeare’s Time Elizabethan Era (1558-1603) Elizabethan Era Clothing The Elizabethan era was an extraordinarily fashion era for both man and women, a time when everything was changing from the fifteenth century simple dress to extravagant and dramatic styles which we call Elizabethan fashion. At that time, new styles, modern yet unique fabrics, charm colors, sharp design and glamor silhouette were evolving. Every layer and piece of Elizabethan outfit was equally important, from the fancy dress to the smallest details. Definitely, the Elizabethan era was the time of beauty and fascination. In fact, during the Elizabethan time clothing reflects mood, values and the person’s statue in the society. So fashion at that time was the primary indicator of one’s social statue and the differences in styling between upper class and lower class were noticeable and very easy distinguished, in terms of fabric, colors, and design. During the Elizabethan time period, in order to understand a person’s life style including clothes, we must first understand how the society at that time worked. The Elizabethan society was divided into three classes, first upper class including nobles and royalty, second middle class or hard-working class, and finally lower class or peasants. The availability of fabrics, colors, and designs were extremely limited for lower class compared toShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1287 Words   |  6 Pagesand Juliet by using the time period in Verona, the character Romeo, the location Italy and the power of true love. The classical movie Romeo and Juliet is told through the 1990’s time period in Verona. The 1990’s was an era that had innovative fashion trends and new evolving technology. The fashion style that most people wore in the 1990’s (90’s) was incorporated into the movie Romeo and Juliet. According to the â€Å"1990s News, Events, Popular Culture and Prices†, the 90’s fashion consisted of torn, stoneRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And The English Language1649 Words   |  7 PagesPoet, playwright, actor and dramatist, William Shakespeare is one of the most influential and greatest writers up to this day in poetry and the English language. Known, for his many acclaimed works such as his famous plays, â€Å"Othello,† â€Å"King Lear,† and â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† etc. More than four hundred years have passed and William Shakespeare’s work still alive as if it was during the early ages of Shakespeare work. Shakespear e influenced ranges from literature, theater, films and even the English languageRead MorePortrayal Of Women During The Elizabethan Period1656 Words   |  7 Pagesin Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the Elizabethan period had a lack of respect for women, but Shakespeare changed it by having powerful, strong and independent female characters, like Lady Macbeth. Throughout history, women have not had the same amount of right and respect as the men. â€Å"Women were regarded as ‘the weaker sex’, not just in terms of physical strength, but emotionally too† (Sharnette). According to Shakespeare’s World/Stage, â€Å"During the time of William Shakespeare, the majority ofRead MoreThemes in Macbeth742 Words   |  3 PagesWithin Shakespeare s famous Macbeth there are many different themes that make the play the captivating masterpiece that it is. The role of the supernatural is a very important element of Shakespeare s Macbeth. Just as important, the theme of masculinity is very dominant. Both themes contribute to the play s unique and powerful nature, overall creating a very effective storyline, strong characters, and unexpected twists and turns throughout. In the time of William Shakespeare thereRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet977 Words   |  4 Pagesplanet. Many will respond with a likely sarcastic response, but tell you of the man known as William Shakespeare. He’s most popular for his drama play called Romeo and Juliet, but holds credentials in the literary department for much more than that. He’s written dozens of plays, many dramas such as MacBeth and Hamlet, with some noteworthy comedies for the time period like Much Ado about Nothing and A Midsummer s Night Dream. While some of his plays have straightforward storylines and the title is extremelyRead MoreThe Flea By William Shakespeare, Emily Dickinson, And John Donne1521 Words   |  7 Pagesvisceral form of self expression for centuries. Consequently, poetry has no means of resisting the constant shifts in style, prose, and content that come with the times. This is showcased in the works by famous poets like William Shakespeare, Emily Dickinson, and John Donne. William Shakespeare is credited to be a wordsmith ahead of his time for crafting some of the most well known works in literature, Emily Dickinson is considered one of America’s leading female poets of the 1800s, and John Donne isRead MoreThe Octogonal Structure Roared from Shakespeares Performers791 Words   |  3 Pagesstarted an era of acting in the late 1500’s and changed the way we look at performing still to this day. This theatre was jaw dropping as people entered this â€Å"salvaged wood† framed theatre. In 1599, the stage was ready for acts to begin. The name of the Globe Theatre was for people to know that the â€Å"whole round world† could be represented by every actor. William Shakespeare referred to the theatre as â€Å" this wooden ‘O’ † (Langly). In Elizabethan times, the ground along the bankside could floodRead More Insanity in Hamlet1565 Words   |  7 Pagesthe murder of his father. For hundreds of years, William Shakespeare has captured the hearts of many theatre fanatics and critics as well as writers all alike. The Play entitled Hamlet is no exception. Hamlet is a play about a princes journey through the perils of his own mind, as he is brought to light of certain circumstances regarding his father?s tragic death, with which brings him to certain conclusions that demand action. Shakespeare planned out the play so that it would smoothly shiftRead MoreThe Conflicting Nature Of Power In Shakespeares King Henry Iv Part 11517 Words   |  7 Pagestheir actions are determined by their present company. In this way, an individual may act in conflicting ways in order to please their present audience and thus are removed from the power they are deemed to possess. The pivotal characters in William Shakespeare s King Henry IV Part 1 successfully portray the conflicting nature of power throughout the play and ultimately comment on how aspects of politics are subject to the opinions of spectators. Politics is defined as the process of making decisionsRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Sophocles Oedipus998 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare, one of the greatest playwrights of the Renaissance era, could have changed Ancient Greek Theatre plays tremendously as his approach was drastically different than that of Greek playwrights. In Oedipus by Sophocles, a curse has been set on the people of Thebes for the previous murderer of their former king Laius. King Oedipus as a child was given a prophecy that he would kill his father and marry his mother and that indeed has occurred as it is proven by witnesses that he was the murderer

Logistics Management

Question: Discuss about theLogistics Management. Answer: Introduction Logistic Management is a component of supply chain management that is utilized to achieve customer satisfaction by meeting customer by planning and organizing the effective movement of information, goods and services from the origin point to the point of destination. Logistic management is useful in achieving customer satisfaction. The research study is focused on the logistics management of QUBE. QUBE is a provider of logistic and management services in Australia. The company offers logistics and port management services. The company also offers expertise in services like warehousing and distribution, handling and managing of cargos and also management of vessels. The report focuses on the critical analysis of the logistics management of the company and shed critical light into the management practices adopted by the company in relation to the current logistic issue observed in Australia. The report also offers proposed recommendations and remedial actions used for combating such issue (Jim Wu et al. 2013). Logistic Management of QUBE The logistic operation service of Qube Logistic covers road and rail transport, distribution, warehousing, container Park, intermodal logistics hubs that includes international freight forwarding and rail terminal (Qube.com.au. 2016). The service is also combined tailored and integrated solution to the customers for providing customized transportation to the customers. From the past, four years the organization has expansively expanded and developed the logistic portfolio for becoming the largest logistic organization in Australia. The organization is highly focused on developing and growing its infrastructure. The organization has also established various logistics hub for ensuring better logistic management in different ports and islands. The multiuser terminals of this organization are strategically located for regional rail services, interstate and port shuttles. Unparalleled synergies are provided with the 24/7 hours in largest ports of Australia. In order to mitigate the weathe r related issues of different regions, the organization provides hub facility, where the client organizations can temporarily keep their goods on stock for climate problem and after the climate change, the client organizations can shift the goods to right destinations. The organization also provides transport and warehouse visibility system. Current Logistic Issue in Australia Technological Issue Existing in Australia Regarding Logistics Australia is a developed economy with a good state of technology available in the country. However, it can be seen logistic practices are growing on a high scale, which has led to a greater technological requirement in the country. The logistics management in the country demands a high level of technology and the country is striving to achieve it. However, it is viewed that the current technological state leaves the country in the grip of technological challenge in relation to logistics management (Prajogo and Olhager 2012). The global financial crisis has crippled the economy of many countries including Australia. It is inferred that the economical stage has been witnessing cyclical fluctuations in the economic trend and also witnessing a weak economical state. The growing logistic services and the increasing relevance of logistic to business tend to create strong technological demand in such regards. The current technological state is estimated to be insufficient for carrying out extensive and high scale logistic operations. Therefore, additional cost has to be incurred on adopting new technology. This increases the cost burden in the wake of the global financial meltdown. The application of new technology would lead to extra investment and leads to cost burden regarding logistics. This would lead to increased level of budgeting and forecasting regarding cost related to logistics. This is an important aspect in relation to logistic issue existing in Australia. Cost considerations tend to affect the profitability of organizations and affect the economic state of the country. (Prajogo and Olhager 2012). The need of new and advanced level of technology would require strong and more integrated level of systems. The adoption of advanced technology often leads to development of new integrated systems. The high scale suppliers and customers could change to the changing level of integrated system but small-scale suppliers often might not have access to the changed integrated system. Thus, it leads to a clash between integrated systems involved in logistics. This disrupts the efficiency in logistics. This would lead to disruption and hindrance in the information system and the glow of information. This would also lead to delay in operations and also leads to time snag (Bhakoo et al. 2012). The increasing need of technology in logistic management has led to an increased dependency of technology. More and more companies are adopted the method of digitization in regards to information technology. However, technology comes with its share of unmixed blessings as well. System crash and software corruption are a product of viruses and malicious elements existing in the technology. This increase the perils related to technology and computer system. In such a scenario, the common step adopted is increasing the backups of information and data fed on the computer system, which would salvage the necessary and significant information required by an organization. Increasing the level of backups and the cost of creating such level of security increases the cost involved in technological procedures. This increased burden of cost in logistic management affects the cost structure of an organization and ultimately leads to decline in the profitability of the company, which would severely hamper the economic growth of Australia in the wake of global financial meltdown (Francis et al. 2014). The technological state is not equally distributed among various states and regions in Australia. It can be observed that the major cities and states in Australia have a high standard of technology and the state of technology presented in credible. However, it is not true for every other city and state in Australia. Some regions in Australia do not have a very high state of technology. Slow internet speed and lack of requisite integrated information system is not present some regions of Australia. As a result, there is low level of technology present in some regions of Australia. It surfaces as a challenge to the logistic operators in adopting new technology to update to the increasing level of logistic operations existing in the country (Jim Wu et al. 2013). Technological change in logistics gives many areas of concerns. Resistance to change is an age old term, which is familiar to all. Resisting to a change is a common human phenomenon and psychology. Change in technology is at times viewed as disturbing and time consuming for people. Change in technology in logistics commonly refers to the change in ERP system and such changes often lead to changes in the management of an organization. Any new change in technology often requires training and development process to be undertaken by the employees. The employees do often not greet this in the warmest spirit and it leads to grievances from the employees. In addition to it, excessive training and development process can lead to increase in the cost of the company. Therefore, changing technological level causes disruption and resistance from the employees (Cabalag et al. 2013). Change in technological level and adoption of new technology causes adjustment issues among people (Chhetri, Butcher and Corbitt 2014). Adjusting to new and advanced technology often leads to adjusting to new systems. This increases the risk of employees of failing to adjust to new technology and also leaves the companies and its operations at the perils of such failure. There could be technical and increased jargons involved in the change of systems and technology. There is growing need of external assistance from beyond the geographical locations of Australia in such matters. As a result, there is an escalation in the cost structure and causes delay in production and distribution processes (McKinnon 2013). Analysis of QUBEs Logistic Management Related to Issue The above discussion discloses the main problem of logistic management in Australia. It has been found that logistic management issue of Australia in primarily focused on technological issue. As Australia is facing issues relate to current technology that are adopted by the various logistic organizations, the management of Qube logistic in facing various issues. Additional Cost of Logistic Management New technologies are extremely costly to be adopted in logistic operation, which will eventually increase the cost of management (Reiners and Wood 2013). It is very advantageous for the logistic organizations to adopt new and up-to-date technologies to bring competitive advantage. Although Qube Logistic uses GPS enabled technology but it has been found that the technology is not up to the level and does not provide timely information to the customers (Storer et al. 2014). In this situation, the organization needs advanced level of GPS enabled system that will provide accurate and timely information of warehouse and transportation. Qube logistic management is facing high cost for implementing and maintaining such advanced level of GPS enabled system. Disintegrated System It is very important for the Logistic organizations to integrate all the systems of their own organization as well as the client organizations. It has been found that the largest clients of Qube Logistic are using integrated system as used by Qube Logistics and thus, they are getting timely information from the organization by ensuring its exact value (Fahimnia et al. 2013). On the other hand, the organization is facing problems in logistic operation when it is dealing with small-scale organization regarding their logistic operations. It has been found that small scale organizations are not able for use the same level integrated system as Qube. Therefore, system clash between the organizations is leading disruption and delay in information flow. Technology Dependency All the organizations are going digital and thus, it is necessary for Qube logistics to keep all the information stored in computers as well as in internet servers. As the organization deals with numerous clients in Australia, keeping all the information on computer and internet servers make it very difficult to maintain the integrity of the organization (Sohal and Rahman 2013). Due to huge range of information, it makes overload of the information on the internet servers and computers. Information overload on the internet server and computers sometime cause disruption of information and thus, occurs information loses (Waters and Rinsler 2014). Regional Issues Some regional areas in Australia find it hard to accommodate new technology large size and low population density of Australia. Internet speed of regional area is commonly known to be low speed and thus, the organization faces high difficulties in operating with the organizations in small regional organization (Prajogo, Oke and Olhager 2016). The organization is not able to communicate timely with the organizations in small regional areas due to low internet speed. Mobile phone reception in these areas also is very weak and thus, high communicational issues in logistic problem are arisen. Employee Resistance The management of Qube Logistics is facing difficulties in managing the employees who are involved in logistic transportation. Many employees of Qube Logistics feel that accommodating and adopting new technology is very hard and it is even unnecessary (McKinnon 2013). Therefore, the management of this organization is facing difficulties in convincing the employees in adopting new technology in the organization. In order to implement new ERP system, the organization needs several weeks that also need high level of technological training to the employees, but the employees are resistant to change that is preventing the organization in adopting advanced technology. Recommendation While developing certain recommendations, it can be said that the organization needs to identify certain potential solutions, which will ne elaborated in the following table: Challenges Potential Solutions Additional cost of Logistic management Enhanced forecasting: Qube Logistics needs to identify better solutions for quality management and therefore, it needs to incorporate advanced GPS system, which has already proved beneficial for other similar companies. This will reduce the risk of involving unfamiliar technology. Cooperative Purchases: Additional management cost can be only reduced by joint purchases from suppliers, as the amount of technological procurement will be reduced (Pateman, Cahoon and Chen 2016). Technological Options: The organization needs to incorporate real-time based tracking system on all its categories, so that immediate query of the clients can be reduced. Disintegrated system Compatible system: Qube needs to incorporate certain technology where both its large-scale clients and small-scale clients can be intercepted. For this, real time based information needs to be shared by separate terminal. The terminal for small-scale clients will be not highly cost effective and can be easily incorporated and through that, main data can be allocated at the interface used by Qube, which will eventually reduce compatibility issue (Wang, Jie and Abareshi 2015). Technological dependence Using Backup System: Qube is prone to lose vital information, as it does not have suitable backup system. The organization needs to include automated backup system where all the day-to-day information will be stored. Client information, supplies, database, accounts and other dimensions are to be recorded within the system so that minimal loss of data occurs (Su 2015). Regional Issues Satellite Communication: Qube is expanding in all over Australia and therefore, the organization needs to develop its own satellite communication system with radio signals for communicating with deeper regions. This might be a huge investment for the organization, but it will lead to best communication along with market penetration. Employee Resistance Training and Support: Qube needs to entertain and enlighten its employees to understand the requirement of technological incorporation. Organization needs to ensure training and development programs where employees will feel the necessity of change management. Technological Adjustment Better Planning: Qube needs to ensure better planning and coordination at the initial stages while developing its new technological platforms. Proper decisions and support is to be gained from its stakeholders. Stage wise implementation: The incorporation of technology is to be done according to stages, where evaluation of new ideas is to be tested and then finalized (Keating 2013). Support and training: Finally, Qube needs to justify the technological adaptation and then provide training and development programs to its employees so that any sort of discrepancies are eliminated. Table 1: Recommendations for QUBE Logistics (Source: Created by Author) Conclusion While concluding, it can be said that technological issue in one of the most impactful factor in the logistics industry of Australia. It has been found that logistics organizations mostly rely on the internet for communication but most of the regions in Australia are having poor internet service. This results in diminishing prompt services. If the organization Qube is considered, it can be said that the same issue is experienced by it, which has eventually raised the financial consideration. The organization is trying to reach beyond the capabilities of supplies, but it is facing certain communication problems. Moreover, the organization is failing to update its technologies as it is not receiving employee trust. Therefore, certain recommendations have been established in favor of Qube, which will help in developing its business in future. Some of the most essential points that need to be included are technological dependence, integrated communication platform and financial managemen t. Such factors will raise the bar of corporate expansion and sustainability of Qube in future. Reference List Bhakoo, V., Singh, P. and Sohal, A., 2012. Collaborative management of inventory in Australian hospital supply chains: practices and issues.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(2), pp.217-230. Cabalag, M.S., Wasiak, J., Andrew, N.E., Tang, J., Kirby, J.C. and Morgan, D.J., 2014. Epidemiology and management of maxillofacial fractures in an Australian trauma centre.Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive Aesthetic Surgery,67(2), pp.183-189. Chhetri, P., Butcher, T. and Corbitt, B., 2014. Characterising spatial logistics employment clusters.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,44(3), pp.221-241. Fahimnia, B., Reisi, M., Paksoy, T. and zceylan, E., 2013. The implications of carbon pricing in Australia: An industrial logistics planning case study.Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment,18, pp.78-85. Francis, M., Fisher, R., Thomas, A. and Rowlands, H., 2014. The meaning of valuein purchasing, logistics and operations management.International Journal of Production Research,52(22), pp.6576-6589. Jim Wu, Y.C., Kevin Huang, S., Goh, M. and Hsieh, Y.J., 2013. Global logistics management curriculum: perspective from practitioners in Taiwan. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,18(4), pp.376-388. Keating, A., 2013. Food security in Australia: the logistics of vulnerability. In Food Security in Australia(pp. 21-34). Springer US. McKinnon, A.C., 2013. Starry-eyed: journal rankings and the future of logistics research.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,43(1), pp.6-17. Pateman, H., Cahoon, S. and Chen, S.L., 2016. The Role and Value of Collaboration in the Logistics Industry: An Empirical Study in Australia.The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics,32(1), pp.33-40. Prajogo, D. and Olhager, J., 2012. Supply chain integration and performance: The effects of long-term relationships, information technology and sharing, and logistics integration.International Journal of Production Economics,135(1), pp.514-522. Prajogo, D., Chowdhury, M., Yeung, A.C. and Cheng, T.C.E., 2012. The relationship between supplier management and firm's operational performance: A multi-dimensional perspective.International journal of production economics,136(1), pp.123-130. Prajogo, D.I., Oke, A. and Olhager, J., 2016. Supply chain processes: linking supply logistics integration, supply performance, lean processes and competitive performance.International Journal of Operations Production Management,36(2). Qube.com.au. 2016. Qube | Qube Holdings | logistics services, port services, bulk material handling, third party container logistics, infrastructure. [online] Available at: https://www.qube.com.au/ [Accessed 1 Jun. 2016]. Reiners, T. and Wood, L.C., 2013. Education in Logistics and Supply Chain Management.Learning Management Systems and Instructional Design: Best Practices in Online Education, p.323. Sohal, A.S. and Rahman, S., 2013. Use of third party logistics services: an Asia-Pacific perspective. InHandbook of Global Logistics(pp. 45-67). Springer New York. Storer, M., Hyland, P., Ferrer, M., Santa, R. and Griffiths, A., 2014. Strategic supply chain management factors influencing agribusiness innovation utilization.The International Journal of Logistics Management,25(3), pp.487-521. Su, S.L.I., 2015. Contemporary strategic supply chain management (SCM) and logistics issues in Asia.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,45(9/10). Wang, M., Jie, F. and Abareshi, A., 2015. Evaluating logistics capability for mitigation of supply chain uncertainty and risk in the Australian courier firms. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,27(3), pp.486-498. Waters, D. and Rinsler, S., 2014.Global logistics: New directions in supply chain management. Kogan Page Publishers. Zhang, X., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Wei, D. and Deng, Y., 2013. Route selection for emergency logistics management: a bio-inspired algorithm.Safety science,54, pp.87-91.

Practices of Market-Driven Companies free essay sample

Ducker, (Presidential Medal of Freedom winner) said: The aim of marketing is to know and understand the customer so well that the product or service fits him and sells itself. Practices of the Market Driven The practices of maket driven company can be evaluate by Understanding what the company do, and how they measure the bottom line consequences of their orientation to their markets. Also the most of the company had start adopting the market- driven strategy to understand the logic that all busineess strategic deciosion should start with the distinct amp; clear understanding the market , customer and the competitors. t requires a customer focus, intelligence about competitors, and cross-functional cooperation and involvement. This initiative extends beyond the marketing function in an organization. Objectives of the Market driven: Market-oriented companies is effective in getting all business functions to work together to provide superior customer value. This objective of the busin ess process helps to improve the overall level of product quality, reduce costs, and also improve service delivery. We will write a custom essay sample on Practices of Market-Driven Companies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A market-driven strategy is built with an understanding of the market and the customers that form the market. The characteristics of market-driven strategies include developing a Market-orientation, leveraging distinctive capabilities, finding a match between customers Value and organizational capabilities, and obtaining superior performance by providing superior Customer value. Superior customer value occurs when the buyer has a very favorable use experience compared to his or her expectations and the value offerings of competitors Distinctive capabilities are a key part of developing a market-driven strategy. Distinctive capabilities are superior to the competition, difficult to duplicate, and applicable to multiple competitive situations. Capabilities need to be identified and analyzed, market sensing and customer linking capabilities and necessary organizational changes implemented. The major dimension of market-driven strategy is to provide an essential view relating to the development of business and marketing strategies. Evaluating the customer and competitors: The two largest sides to the market equation are the customers and competitors. If your organization is evaluating itself in terms of customers, they should determine who will be your customers, what the customer’s value amp; how you will compete, and how your customers perceive you. It may choose to take a more competitor-focused approach, with the objective of beating your competition in cost, functionality or quality. To achieve superior customer value, company requires superior understanding of what creates value for customers. Customer satisfaction Indicates how well the product use experience compares to the buyer’s value expectations. Superior customer value results from a very favorable use experience compared to expectations and the value offerings of competitors. The drawback with the customer approach is not paying enough attention to the competition. The drawback with the competitive approach is not being customer oriented enough. How will you compete? A company can be market-oriented only if it completely understands its markets and the people who decide whether to buy its products or services. † The company can compete by following keys that are how is your market segmented? Which segments have the most attractive competitive opportunities? What segment best aligns with your competencies? What segment is most risky? You need to carefully identify your competitive strategy. What are you going to focus on cost, functionality, quality, customization or speed? How exactly will you differ from your competition? Characteristics of market driven: a. primary objective is to provide customer superior and maximum value b. strategy should be focus on the marketing management like segmenting, targeting and positing c. they should improve the customer services, quickly respond to the customer changing needs Process of the market driven strategy:- ? Segments ? Value opportunities ? capabilities/segment match ? Target ? Positioning To get a product or service to the right person or company, a marketer would firstly segment the market, then target a single segment or series of segments, and finally Position within the segment Market Segmentation is the process of placing of subsets of buyers within a market that share similar needs and demonstrates similar buyer behavior. Segmentation aims to match groups of purchasers with the same set of needs and buyer behavior. A segment is a possible market target for an organization competing in the market. Segmentation offers a company an opportunity to better match its products and its capabilities to buyer’s value requirements. Customer satisfaction providing a value offering that matches the value proposition considered important by the buyers in a segment. There are many ways that a segment can be considered. For example: * By geography such as where in the world was the product bought. * By psychographics such as lifestyle or beliefs. * By socio-cultural factors such as class. By demography such as age, sex, and so on. A company will evaluate each segment based upon potential business success. Opportunities will depend upon factors such as: the potential growth of the segment the state of competitive rivalry within the segment how much profit the segment will deliver how big the segment is how the segment fits with the current direction of the company and its vision. Examining the opportu nities and capabilities of the specific market segments helps identify how to -: 1. Attain a closer match between buyer’s value preference’s and the organization’s capabilities 2. Compare the organizations strengths and weakness to the key competitors in that particular segment. Market targeting To define a target market requires market segmentation, it mean breaking of market into segment then concentrate amp; target on each market segment. The beauty of  target marketing is that it makes the promotion, pricing and distribution of your products and/or services easier and more cost-effective. Target marketing provides a focus to all of your marketing activities. Through segmentation, a firm divides the market into many segments. But all these segments need not form its target market. Target market signifies only those segments that it wants to adopt as its market. A selection is thus involved in it. In choosing target market, a firm basically carries out an evaluation of the various segments and selects those segments that are most appropriate to it. As we know that the segments must be relevant, accessible, sizable and profitable. Positioning involve implementing our targeting. Although there are different definitions of Positioning, probably the most common is: â€Å"A products position is how potential buyers see the product, and is expressed relative to the position of competitors. Positioning is a platform for the brand. It facilitates the brand to get through to the mind of the target consumer. In Brief summary, the market driven just needs to understand the needs, wants and the behavioral of the customer, competitors and the markets. Company should adopt the market strategy, in order to deliver the superior value to customer as a primary objective and they must possess certain capabilities that are market awareness, Organizational flexibility, strategic vision, and external relationships.

Personality Analysis Instrument

Personality Analysis Instrument Myers-Briggs Type Indicator The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a personality assessment instrument that is used to measure the decisions that affect their day to day activities that they are engaged in their lives (UMI, 2001). It is a questionnaire that detects the psychological preference on how people behave and make key decisions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Personality Analysis Instrument specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These preferences were borrowed from the theories formulated by Carl Gustav Jung in his book, Psychological Types, published in the year 1921 (Derreck, 2011). Using these theories, the personality inventory was developed by Myers Briggs and her mother, Cook Briggs after the Second World War. They developed this personality assessment tool as an aid to help women find war-jobs which they were comfortable with during and after the Second World War. In 1962, the original questionnaire was made and mainly focused on normal populations and the differences that naturally occur within this group. There has been a lot of debate on the validity of MBTI as a psychometric tool. This is due to the fact that the available statistics do not support the method as one of the most effective personality assessment tools in the world. More than one third of the studies which have been conducted concerning MBTI have either been presented in psychological conferences or published in peer reviewed journals and magazines of psychology. In most cases, the results do not have a practical application in the society. This is because limited number of studies has been conducted to show its applicability to the public. As a result, many scholars have stated that the method should undergo a lot of scrutiny for it to be valid. The method has failed to come up with the expected outcomes which researchers hoped for. For example, the results of most studies have bimodal distribution with peaks be ing displayed at the sides of the graph; contrary to what scientists were expecting. For the study to be reliable, it should have a central peak with both sides being even. This therefore classifies one side of the peak as one type and the other side of the peak another type.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another factor that affects the validity of MBTI is the level of honesty received from the respondents. This method mainly relies on self reporting honesty from respondents. Although the questions are designed to minimize the chances of dishonesty from the respondents, the measures which have been put in place are not reliable. As a result, respondents may find it easy to give out false information which affects the outcome of the study and its validity and effectiveness in overall. Other personality measurement methods have a validity scale that detects exaggerated or f alse information from respondents. Others like the Personality Assessment Inventory has incorporated the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire lie scale that can detect the presence and level of lies from respondents (UMI, 2011). Despite the criticisms that this method is facing, other scientists have find it to be quite reliable and applicable in several situations. A study that was conducted about MBTI revealed that the methods dichotomies show a good split-half validity and reliability (UMI, 2011). The level of correlation between studies that are conducted over a given period of time is also high. This therefore proves that the study can be relied on in a number of situations. In terms of cultural utility, Myers found that the proportion of people with different personalities varied depending on the professional courses which the tool or the careers which they are pursuing. However, examining each type of MBTI in varying professions, scientists have discovered that the proportion of each type in every population is relatively similar, thus showing some level of similarity among the different professions. Some researchers attribute this relatedness to the level of job satisfaction that is enjoyed by individuals of different professions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Personality Analysis Instrument specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rorschach Test This is a psychological test in where the subjects perceptions are recorded using inkblot (Brittany, 2011). The interpretations and analysis of these results are done using psychological methods that are derived from complex scientific algorithms. This method is mainly used by scientist to determine the characteristics, emotions and behavior of individuals. The test is designed to detect underlying thought disorder. This therefore ensures that it can detect lies and formulate theories that ensure that the information which the subject is giving is true . As a result, this method of personal assessment is more reliable than MBTI. The test was named after the person who found it; Herman Rorschach, a Swiss psychologist. It finds a lot of application in projective tests especially during the 1960s. During that time, it was ranked 8th among all the personal assessment tests that were being administered to mental patients in U.S. mental hospitals. Consequently, it is the second widely used tests by the Society of personality Assessment and is always prescribed in over 25% of forensic cases in the U.S that mainly involve forensic battery (Brittany, 2011). A survey that was conducted in the United States revealed that the test is used from as low as 20% by correctional psychologists to a high of 80% by clinical psychologists and psychologist graduates t assess the personality of individuals (Brittany, 2011). However, when the results of the tests are ranked as a projective test, their verifiability is very poor. To address this, the Exner System of Scoring was developed in the 1960s and has been in operation since then. Pyscholgosts claimed that the this system of scoring has undergone a lot of scrutiny and research to ensure that scores results that arise from the study are reliable and verifiable. It makes use of every factor, whether it is a color, shape or outline that is produce by the inkblot with regards to the subjects comments that have been put to the test. Despite all this, some scientists still refute the outcome of this test system. The Exner system uses a rigorous scoring system to give out its results which is disagreed most of the time by scientists as being ineffective.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They still view the latitude scoring system as the best method to interpret the results from. Also, the clinical write up of the results varies a lot as it depends on the individuality of the psychologists who makes it. It is therefore subjected to a lot of individuality and biasness. However, there is some element of reliability of the results that have been collected from several studies. These results show a lot of generalizations, reliability and similarity when their scores are considered. The R scale is a good example that shows the total number of responses intelligent people tend to have the same results on pathology scales. This is due to the fact that many scales do not correct for a high R. thus, if a subject gives double responses in total, there is a high chance that these results will seem to be somewhat pathological. Other scales that are correlated with intelligence include: organization activity, quality of forms, human figure responses and organizational activities (Squidoo, 2010). The reliability of these scales have made this method to be used to detect conditions like schizophrenia, thought disorders and other disorders that affect the personality of individuals. Due to its success, Rorschach test has been very reliable and widely applicable in psychology. The reliability of the tests also depends on the testing procedure that has been established between the tester and the subject. During the session, the tester ensures that the subject is comfortable. He makes sure that the sitting arrangement, the manner in which he introduces the session, verbal and nonverbal responses of the subject and how his/her responses are recorded are in the most convenient way to ensure that the subject is at ease and develops trust for the tester. This increases the chances of the subject giving out relevant and true information for the study, making the results to be very reliable. With these results, it is easier for the tester to determine the personality of the subject without a lot of difficulties. Self-Help Books This is a complex development that aims at improving a number of factors that affect and determine the status and personality of an individual (UMI, 2011). These factors include: talents and potentials of an individual, awareness and identity and enhancement of quality of life and the development and realization of dreams and aspirations. They act as motivators that make life to be worth living. Without them, an individual may develop an attitude which might kill his desire to live. It is therefore important for individuals to have these factors so that they can achieve the goals and objectives which they desire in life. This concept therefore includes formal and informal methods and procedures which aim at developing an individual. Self-help books involve practice and research. In practice, they incorporate methods that assist in personal developments, systems for assessment, and learning programmes tools and techniques. In research, they utilize the topics and issues that are found on peer reviewed psychological and other scientific journals, higher education reviews, business publications and so on. In any form of development, there has to be indicator that shows whether change has taken place or not. Unlike other personal assessment instruments, the subject of the study is the one who assesses himself in the course of the programme. However, there is a standard criterion that has to be followed so that the results that are obtained become more reliable and free from bias. The personal development frameworks should include goals and objectives that have been set by the subject, the strategies which the subject will use to achieve them and means of measuring progress, levels that define the stages of development along the path of achieving goals or objectives and finally a means through which one can report the changes that have occurred in the course of development and assessment. Like other asse ssment instruments that have been discussed, the validity of self-help books has a lot of criticisms. The fact that an individual is the one who assesses his/her development has raised a lot of questions on the reliability of the results. Scientist and other academicians view this to be a weak point to the instrument because it is difficult for someone to monitor his/her development especially in subjective studies like personal assessment. Most people lack the discipline and character to adhere to the rules and regulations that should be followed. Lack of supervision and guidance thus makes the situation to become even worse. The method has been applicable in several studies that have been conducted by psychologist, scientists and even individuals. Due to its simplicity, the method has found a lot of application by individual of all ages from all around the world. However, the instrument has mainly been used in America and Asia. This instrument originated from ancient religions in the Middle East and Asia such as Hinduism and Abrahamic religions and includes practices such as prayer, fasting, meditation, dancing, singing and sports and so on (UMI, 2011). Due to its openness, it has found a lot of applicability in many cultures all around the world. People have adapted this instrument to develop and improve their personalities so that they can stand a better chance of achieving their desires in life. This method has been used to develop personalities of individuals in different places and situations. It has been used to improve the personality of individuals at work places so that the employees can work together as a team and achieve the goals and objectives of the organization. It has also been used to develop the personality of an individual according to religion or spirituality. Individuals who utilize this method want to achieve desirable characters, behaviors and emotions which will make them to be more successful in life. References Brittany, M. (2011). Demystifying the Rorschach Inkblot Test. Helping Psychology. Web. Derreck, M. (2011). Personality Theories, Types and Tests. Businessballs.com. Web. Squidoo. (2010). Rorschach Inkblots. Squidoo.com. Web. UMI. (2001). Dissertation abstracts international: The humanities and social sciences.  London: University Microfilms International.

Breach and Break

Breach and Break Breach and Break Breach and Break By Maeve Maddox Patrick writes: Im an English instructor in Germany and was recently asked about the difference between breach and break. Can you help? Both words have to do with breaking. Both can be used as either nouns or verbs: Can you repair the break in this line? How did you break it? Joan of Arc was sued for breach of promise. The Burgundians breached the walls of Paris. The principal parts of to break are break, broke, (have) broken. The principal parts of to breach are breach, breached, (have) breached. Break comes from Old English brecan, to break, shatter, burst. Breach comes from the same OE verb, but by way of a noun derived from brecan. The OE noun bryce (the ce is pronounced /ch/ as in modern breach) meant a breach, fracture. Bryce was later influenced in its spelling by Old French breche, opening or gap. A breach is a broken place, as in a wall. Used as a verb, breach has the same meaning as to break, but to breach something suggests that the break is being made despite defenses or safeguards that are in place. The noun breach is common in legal language, as in the terms breach of contract and breach of the peace. Here are some examples the use of breach used as a verb: FBI, Telecoms Teamed to Breach Wiretap Laws The Rachel Corrie ship to try to breach Gaza blockade next month Open-records law appears to breach government secrecy Marines use a torch to breach a door A common use of breach as a noun is in the expression to heal a breach, that is, to reconcile sides in a dispute or falling out Codeplex hopes Walli can heal breach with open source As efforts continue to heal the breach in regional relations in the Middle East, Qatar emerges as an important player†¦ Healing the Breach between Feminists and Non-Feminists In the context of a broken bone, one would speak of healing the break. Sometimes writers use breach in place of a more suitable word, as in this question dealing with the breakage of hair: What works best hair product to heal the breach? Non-native English speakers are prone to use breach in a context calling for break as in these examples: At the alpha of 2009, Nino took a breach from music to complete his accomplish account in the Hellenic Army in Rhodes, He was apprenticed by a faculty of honour, never lied, and would rather die than breach his word. Her career connected auspiciously with films such as Bob Carol Ted Alice (1969). After this she took a breach from acting†¦ In each example, break is the word called for by the context. Although break and breach are similar in meaning, they cannot be used as exact synonyms. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph ExamplesTaser or Tazer? Tazing or Tasering?20 Slang Terms for Law Enforcement Personnel

Why did the united states adopt a policy of neutrality from 1914 to Essay

Why did the united states adopt a policy of neutrality from 1914 to 1917 - Essay Example US President Wilson publicly declared this neutrality policy, and most Americans welcomed it. In this essay, the main reasons behind America’s adoption of neutrality policy will be established. In addition, the effectiveness of this policy will be determined, basing on different events that occurred during the period 1914-1917. Since the late 19th Century, different countries in Europe had been forming unions and alliances, to enhance their preparedness for war. This saw the Independent German Kingdoms come together in the late 1870’s, and this became the most powerful in the continent. During that time, France highly invested in weapons, in anticipation of an attack from Germany, its long time enemy. The power status of German was a threat to most counties, including Russia, which had to take sides with France, Great Britain, and even German itself, to ensure its safety. The British effort to remain uninvolved in conflict was impossible, owing to its ownership of the most powerful navy in the world. Unrest in Europe was hastened by rebellious provinces of Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman leaders who aimed at expansion of their empire. However, Europe was resistant to war and tried to withhold this for a long time. During this period, the Central powers included Ottoman Turks, Germans, and A ustro-Hungarians, while their rivals, the entente powers included France, Great Britain, and Russia (U.S Department of State Web). The United States of America dissociated itself from these events, even though most of its citizens were generally inclined to England and the Entente powers. Most Americans did not want their county to participate in the war. America therefore distanced itself from these events, and hoped not to get involved in them. Most Americans, as well as their leaders, including the president and the congress then, adopted this perspective. The then president Woodrow Wilson introduced the â€Å"neutrality policy,† publicly citing that the USA

Role of Allied Professional (SLP) Module 4 Essay

Role of Allied Professional (SLP) Module 4 - Essay Example The OBRA 90 standard of pharmacy practice calls for pharmacists to give guidance to patients on the use, interactions and any contraindications expected. Doing so reduces the chances of legal liability in their line of work. Thirdly, they should regularly monitor the rate at which the patient is taking his or her medication. Thanks to advancement in technology, there computerized information system that pharmacist can use to record and refer to the information pertaining the patients medication history. Fourthly, it is the responsibility of pharmacists to resolve any problems that arise in relation to patients. These could be medical bill payment problems, discrimination toward the patient as a result of his or her condition (Lamb, 2014). Fifth, pharmacists are required to honor a legally valid prescription presented by the patient from a physician or a doctor. Lastly, pharmacists should be obligated to consult and adhere to pharmacy regulations and set standards. This contributes to patients wellbeing and protection from potential risks associated by certain medication. In the case of Robert Courtney, a pharmacists accused of intentionally diluting chemotherapy drugs to make money by exploiting cancer patients, is a good example of professional trust breach. He confesses of altering over 150 doses of chemotherapy drugs and risking lives of over 30 patients. Courtney does not only violate patient rights, break the law but most importantly betrays the trust of patients seek his expertise (Jaffe, 2001). Altering the sate of a drug is professionally unethical and immoral considering lives are at stake. Pharmacists’ judgment should and only be in the paramount interest of the patient and not Pharmacists’ interest. It is expected of Courtney as a professional healthcare pharmacist, to be the patient advocate but from his action it is clear that he is not concerned with his

Information Technology Management Essay Example for Free

Information Technology Management Essay It is commonly argued in the Information Systems literature that a major reason why organizations fail to exploit Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) successfully is because of the lack of â€Å"alignment† between the Information Strategy, the Business Strategy and the Organizational Strategy. The provisions according to information sytem literature correspond to the real happenings in the real world. According to Campbell David, 2004, technological advancement has been embraced throughout various aspects of business, academics, finance and governance. The paper addresses one key component of information system that is considered as a challenge by organizations and business entities in the aspect of using information technology. The key value here is alignment between information, organization and business strategy. A major concern in this paper is to explain the term alignment in the context of information technology. The paper addresses reasons that make alignment one of the key values organizations seek to achieve. In this first issue of alignment the major concern is about transactions carried on in financial institutions. Information technology has been adopted in the recent past as a tool for executing and reviving business strategies in financial institutions. The development of certain business strategies has been enhanced by consideration of values that correspond to alignment. Alignment is therefore, the capacity by a business such as a financial institution to demonstrate a strong positive relationship between latest information technologies and the generally accepted financial guidelines. It calls for customer satisfaction, market share and product innovations. These measures are all essentials in value and adopting such determines the stability and the outcome of a financial institution. Before alignment financial institution needs to assemble all available information technology and carry on with feasibility study. This is because the effectiveness of a computer squarely depends on its capacity to improve or malign the organizational units. Factors to consider before alignment Planning- the original process has to be planned and agreed upon by the managers of the financial institution. Auditors should also be involved in this exercise for audits, re-examinations and readjustments of the whole project. Relation to benefits –alignment must be of benefit to the financial institution since it is a costly exercise. It is of no use to adopt latest technology if the problem is controllable by changing some management practises. This is according Culp Christopher, 2001. For example, outputs like profits and revenue do not call for information technology rather the size and organizational structure and number of staff that dictate the demand for additional computers. Alignment must stick to its purposes to overcome all obstacles as resistance to change may come from many sources including the employees and customers. Advantages of alignment The latest technologies such as client sever internet, data warehousing has positive implications which include first, incremental profit gains. Second, internal alignment in an organization remains a success factor in employee’s ability to perform effectively and become a cutting edge provider of value to customers. Third, alignment acts as business intelligence solutions for organization that helps in management and efficient customer satisfaction. For example, e-banking software where customers can access their bank accounts at home without necessarily going to the banking halls. Fourth, other than saving time it is also considered a secure method than transporting money to banks. Fifth, business intelligence solutions have been important aspects in financial institutions as they help to sort out effectively volumes of transactions within a short period of time. For example, pay roll software that is able to calculate thousand of employee’s monthly dues, deductions and contributions irrespective of their earning rates within a mater of seconds. Computers have also been used to solve complicated business calculations and at the same time update them accordingly. Take for example where a customer gets a loan from a financial institution either on a reducing interest rate. The software will auto calculate the interests based on the number of years the customer will take to clear plus the principal amount and at the same time store the information. Sixth, alignment reduces the amount of paperwork used in various departments especially in printing, faxing and laminations. This is because nowadays office memos and other information are shared online by use of internet between departments and even branches. Seven, alignment has played a key role in marketing and advertising new products through the internet. A customer can place an order and at the same time pay by transferring funds from a financial institution to account of the seller effectively. Disadvantages Alignment is a very costly exercise to an enterprise like financial institution in terms of prices and employee training as it calls for massive training. System change over might also be rejected by both the employees and the customers. Sometimes computers breakdown and will definitely slow the process in financial institution slowing down the entire process. This leads to a massive loss and failure to satisfy customer needs. For example, slowing or breakdown of machines in a Forex bureau dealing with foreign exchange will loose sales since currency changes value every minute. Business alignment methods Nowadays, many business transactions are relying on an efficient IT support system. It is remarkable to note the improved professionalism and responsibility in corporate and technical fields. Many companies and especially in the financial sector have invested massively in business IT and corporate ICT. This is a very important development in creation of personal responsibility in terms of accountability, capability and commitment. However, with the changing technology certain changes are felt through continuous exercise which cannot be exploited. New machines have to be budgeted or the old ones have to be upgraded from time to time. To achieve this objective the following steps must be put into consideration. First, planning which calls for implementation of traditional IT alignment techniques seen by many as the CEO’s work. A successful IT/business alignment calls for a more interactive approach or dialogue between the IT managers. They need to clarify what the business expects, what it delivers and how to allocate (Watson Gregory, 2005). This is achieved through prioritization and putting into considerations the rules that empower and govern the IT department. A second plan or consideration used to bring about alignment is that IT should track, adapt and modify business level services. At the same time the use of information technology in financial institutions or any other entities should be done with a purpose of supporting appropriate support of services. Another method is proper management of technological systems which helps to achieve the desired results through a consolidated service support by IT staff. A system need to be put in place to monitor and manage urgent or critical business services. The system should prioritize service requests to enable service delivery at promised levels and also track business processes at certain levels. It is important to note that worth methods are usually required to effectively manage the IT infrastructure and implement changes. The chief executive officer and his or her managers need also to ensure that the set organization standards and expectations are met through proper implementation processes. Certain considerations such as model should be considered for purpose of implementing alignment and information technologies (Selznick Philip, 1952). This involves mapping of IT assets and planning for resources that support services at critical times. It identifies the resources needed to be assembled to deliver IT services. This is done at agreeable service while at the same time reducing costs. A second consideration is measurement whereby the IT department should come up with methods of data collection and operational procedures all based on areas of functionality. According to Chester Arthur, 1994, the measurement methods should correspond with technology and be business oriented. In addition, the measures should ensure a more real time resource allocation decision. The consideration of various measurement principles gives an entity or enterprise the capacity to execute its duties fast. The methods applied by different entities in business alignment are deemed to measure up to set standards and cut down on costs. Alignment of costs and deliver of services through technological application gives entities the capacity to run their operations in a more efficient manner. Validity of alignment as a goal The role played by ICTs is paramount and evident in real life applications in business and organizations. As a goal, alignment is seen to support productivity and new innovation across the entire world. ICT play a very important role on trade development. Application of information technology is also seen as a tool for infrastructure development. Recently, the world economic performance has improved leading to global growth as a result of embracing information systems. The economic growth is seen to have an impact in both developed and developing countries with some developing countries recording a remarkable growth (Danis Wade, 2006). Most countries have recorded a positive growth of the gross domestic product. In addition international markets trade and industrial production has been boosted through alignment. Economic development has led to a smooth global supply chains that broaden the market. A number of advantages arise as evidence that alignment is a valid consideration in the scope of information technology. First, ICT is used for research to provide an organization with basic information about how to improve on performance. Organizations consider putting in place certain measures necessary to acquire information from competitors (Daghfous Abdelkader, 2006). The acquired information is essential as it helps entities to achieve their goals. Second, in the current world of changes, it is important for every organization to consider evaluating measures that support alignment to out perform their competitors. Application of ICT by entities thus promotes a common understanding of how transactions are carried within organizations at low cost. It is a future consideration that all entities should develop measures to fight threats of new entrants, threat exposed by bargaining powers of buyers, sellers, threat of substitute products and barrier to entry. According to Herman James, 2000, embracing information and communication technology will help to do away with threats imposed by five forces. A third consideration is the fact of e-commerce which is a component of electronic business. The use of information systems in carrying on with business transactions online is a true reflection about the validity of alignment. The future of using information technology in the world especially in business transactions is very certain. The concept of globalization is playing a very big role in creation of favourable environment for trading. Creation of strong communication networks enables countries from different regions to carry on with business transactions online. This is one major development of information technology embraced by both developed and developing states. Every state has the mandate to promote the application of information technology through application of the necessary measures. A fourth consideration that needs to be put in place is thorough training of individuals on how to use internet. This should be done in schools and other institutions that promote learning. Children at young age need to know how to apply technological information for purpose of establishing proper measures in business and other aspects of life.

Grapes of Wrath Essay -- essays research papers

The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck is a novel depicting the struggle and distraught brought towards migrant workers during the Great Depression. The Grapes of Wrath follows one Oklahoma family, the Joads, as they journey down Route 66 towards the earthly paradise of California. While on route to California, the Joads interact with fellow besieged families, non-hospitable farmers, and common struggles due to the Depression. Steinbeck uses these events to show strong brotherhood through biblical allusion, character development, and inter chapters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Biblical allusion is found extremely often in the pages of The Grapes of Wrath. Through biblical allusion, Steinbeck portrays the brotherhood of the migrant workers. For example, in the Bible, Moses’ mother puts baby Moses in a basket, which takes him down a river. Later, Moses tells his slaves that he will lead them to freedom. In The Grapes of Wrath Rose of Sharon, the Joad’s eldest daughter gives birth to a dead baby because of the starvation and poor conditions of the migrant farmers. The Joad’s do not have enough money to give the baby a proper burial so Ma, the backbone of the Joad family, instructs Uncle John to bury the baby himself. Instead of following Ma’s orders, Uncle John sends the deceased infant down a river in an apple box. He said fiercely, â€Å"Go down an’ tell ‘em. Go down in the street an’ rot an’ tell ‘em that way. That’s the way you can talk. Don’ even know if you was a boy or a gi...

Havisham

The ideas the Duffy is trying to convey is the idea the heart brake and physiological damage of a relationship gone corrupt and by a wedding day that was a- boarded ND the devastating impact on the bride who was left standing on her own embarrassed and humiliated by the failure of her beloved to show up. The idea of society expectation has also shrouded upon her since she can't even leave her own house since she is paranoid about society expectation of a classic woman.Society expects a woman to find a man and get married and have children and by her not fulfilled society's expectation she has â€Å"failed† at life's virtue for a woman therefore having a unworthy life by living as a â€Å"spinster† and wasting away thou a husband. Another idea conveyed is the effect of also being alone without a partner â€Å"a lover† to share your life with. This is reflected by Ms Having who has always been alone and never really had â€Å"true love† and the effects of th at how our feelings can go to mutual hatred towards one person whom in their mind destroyed their entire life.The poem is titled Having and not Miss Having. Why? The poem Is titled â€Å"Having† opposed to â€Å"Miss Having† since she doesn't have the honor being labeled a â€Å"miss† due to turning Into a complete monster. She Is not a lady , she's not proper or has the correct virtue for a typical ladles life. She Is an old hag who has wasted away and is nothing more than to be called a spinster. Having creates a harsh , violent and bold statement reflecting her and everything he's become.Where as Miss creates a peaceful , calm and relaxed tone and doesn't reflect her at all. What do you think the poem gains from the images of violence in it? The poem advances with Images of violence from the text since it creates an image of his woman and the extent of her despair and trashed life that took a turn Off cliff and died. The metaphors and imagery shown In the tex t such as † so hard Vive dark green pebbles for eyes† really gives the audience an Intense Image and shows how she hardened from the Inside and has nothing but venom filled In her veins. Opposition. The feelings of Ms Having are mixed due to the confusion inside and the baffling she's had to deal with to come to terms with the â€Å"tragedy'. The feeling consist o darted and evil towards this man shown through † wished him dead† hating this man so much to the extend she wished death upon him. Feeling stretching to her love for him expressed minimally for example † Beloved sweetheart† showing a more inmate and loving tone.Then creating a more somber tone with the loneliness she has by herself â€Å"give me a male corpse for a long slow honeymoon† showing the extend that she wants someone this man so bad that she would replace him with a male corpse since she realizes that no man would ever want her. The reason for these binary opposite is s ince that is what we as humans feel mixed emotions , churned up together creating confusion fore her and us. Sometimes the persona imagines the passionate times she could have had with her lover.Which part of the poem describes this? The poem describes the time she could have had with her lover are shown in many instances like † the dress yellowing† expressing that she has waited for him all these years and that they still could get married and have a fulfilled life together. This is also shown through â€Å"give me a male corpse for a long slow honey moon† expressing that they had the opportunity to go on a beautiful honeymoon together.To what extent does the poem reflect a feminist agenda, or even Duffy own feelings at the time of writing? Address the attitudes and values conveyed. To a minimal extent the poem reflects a feminist agenda since the poem is directed towards her lover but is shown in some instances like â€Å"loves hate behind a white veil† h ere the feminist agenda is reflected is the quote since it undermines the institution of arraign and the idea that it is not worth it , a disappointment and alluding to gay and lesbian rights.Another references is shown through â€Å"spinster† since the meaning of the word is a old had and unmarried wasting away without a husband. Hence showing the inequality between men and woman since the term for a unmarried man is â€Å"bachelor† which is viewed in a positive light and being a good thing whereas woman are considered a disappointment by not get married therefore highlighting the feminist agenda. Havisham The opening line portrays the order of events. â€Å"Beloved sweetheart bastard. † The man she describes was someone special but soon became someone she hated. She has longed for revenge as the reader is told, â€Å"Not a day since then I haven't wished for him dead. † The words â€Å"prayed† also tie in with this deep seated longing for change. The imagery of her eyes being like â€Å"Dark green pebbles† hints to the hardness of stone but also the green is jealousy. She has become trapped by obsession: thinking, praying and waiting for her fiance. The word â€Å"Spinster† is a one word sentence, almost spat out in distaste. Havisham describes her condition â€Å"I stink and remember† the words refer to her smell from wearing the same clothes but also the stench of the terrible thing that has happened to her. The events have changed her and there is real sadness and fear behind the words. Her wedding dress is described as â€Å"yellowing† as she questions how she has ended up in this situation. The final part of the previous stanza merges into this third verse and the disjointedness reflects Havisham's own distress. This stanza hints that sometimes she can feel happy and when she is bed asleep for a moment it as if she is still with her lover, but the strong words â€Å"bite awake† describe the gnawing pain of having lost a loved one. The dream is only a dream and life is difficult to live with. Love is personified and the narrator describes herself as â€Å"Love's hate behind a white veil† Love enjoys hurting her and again this is emphasised with her description of the balloon â€Å"bursting in my face. † Balloons are supposed to be fun like love but in this instance it becomes something shocking ready to spoil her happiness. Havisham also describes at destroying her wedding cake, â€Å"I stabbed at a wedding-cake. † This describes not only her pain, but the pain she would like to inflict on someone else. The imagery of a honeymoon is coupled with the words â€Å"male corpse† this also shows her unfeeling towards men. She doesn't want something living, she wants something dead. The very last word comes out in a stutter when she talks about how a heart â€Å"b-b-b-breaks† this shows sadness and madness at the same time. When she talks about her heart not being the only one that is broken it reminds us of Pip from â€Å"Great Expectations†, she's been hurt and knows how to break a man's heart. In the case of Pip, she wanted to crush his dreams of gaining an education.

Teenagers Represented In The Media

Teenagers used to be the forgotten group in society. The ones who are stuck between being â€Å"cute kids† and â€Å"responsible adults.† But all that's been changing over the last twenty years or so, as the media realizes that teens are slowly getting a voice in society, but are these changes good or bad? The media represents teenagers in a very conventional way, stereotyped by their appearance, sex, and personality. Different varieties of media are meant to do different things. Some of the media's many roles are to display the truth, make the viewer aware and to entertain. Most of the media presents an inaccurate and negative portrayal of adolescents today according to their appearance, sex, personality and age, among other things. Most teenagers in the media are represented as attractive, confident and white, which may make teenagers feel pressurised to fit in with the medias representation of them and so if they don't fit these categories making them uncomfortable with their own bodies. I think the media should have a wider variety of races, looks and personalities to show teenagers they don't have to have fit in with the typical image of them as shown in the media. The media highlights the exciting events in teenagers lives, e.g dancing at parties, getting drunk, spending money and generally having a good time, but they don't always show the more depressing parts of teenagers lives such as bullying, exams, insecurities etc, which seems more important There are many TV programmes today that focus on wealthy, glamorous lifestyles of teenagers that come form extremely privileged backgrounds, many people enjoy these programmes as it gives them a chance to escape from the reality of their own lives and see it from other peoples. Although some other programmes look at the more realistic lifestyles, where teenagers have to work hard and don't just have everything handed to them on a plate, many people watch these as they can relate to them and understand where characters are coming from. Although in all these lifestyles the teenage characters do go through many dramatic, emotional experiences and events. A lot of the media shows teenagers partying every night, always out and getting up to mischief e.g. taking drugs, having fights etc. In Skins, a teenage drama, a character called Effy sneaks out her house in the middle of the night, burns a bus, goes out to a deserted warehouse, where she takes various drugs with boys and finally ends up in a party at a random person's house where she collapse from a drug overdose. Later her brother finds her, she is then rushed to hospital and ends up moving school; this all happens in the space of a few days. In reality most teenagers' lives are a lot more boring, dull and uneventful, for example they generally spend most of their time studying, using the Internet at home and watching TV etc. Often their characters are exaggerated as well as events and situations. In a lot of teenage dramas the characters are unrealistic for example in the TV series Eastenders there is a teenage boy, Stephen, who is evil and manipulative, he turns his own sister against their family, while everyone thinks he is kind and good, in real life teenagers are not like this, they aren't as controlling or manipulative. Although teenagers are represented positively in many parts of the media, programmes such as the OC show characters like Marissa and Ryan acting kindly and maturely e.g. when Marissa sees a man being mugged, she comes to help him and calls the police this shows she is caring and responsible, which is a positive image of teenagers in the media. In conclusion Teenagers in the media are shown in lots of different ways, often as being a problem to society e.g. controlling, rude and disrespectful, this is shown in soaps, dramas, movies and news, it gives out a very negative image on teenagers, which isn't always fair. Teenagers can be represented positively, helping the community and being polite and social although this is not usually the case. Mainly teenagers are shown in a negative way and their characters and dilemmas are not realistic.

The Controversy Behind Human cloning essays

The Controversy Behind Human cloning essays The Controversy behind Human Cloning On Sunday November 25, 2001 a Massachusetts Cell Technology Firm based in Worcester announced that an elite group of their scientists had begun to make cloned human embryos. This bold statement reverberated through international scientific, religious and legislative circles on Sunday; culminating in words of disapproval from the Pope, President Bush, and the U.S. Senate. The use of embryos to clone is wrong, Bush told reporters. We should not as a society grow life to destroy it. Its morally wrong in my opinion. This statement from President Bush sums up the response from many people around the world. On Capitol Hill, Senator Sam Brownback said that he would scrap a recent agreement he had made with the Senate leadership to post-pone discussion of human cloning legislation until early next year. Instead, he said that he would push hard to pass a sweeping ban in the waning weeks of this coming session. If such legislation were passed, the use of human embryos for cloning wou ld be highly illegal. The issue of whether or not to use human embryos for cloning raises many ethical questions. One of the most dominant of these ethical issues is the religious aspect. Many people feel that it is against Gods will to produce human life for the sole purpose of using it for scientific purposes. Despite the fact that these human cell and tissue clones could be used as replacement organs for patients suffering from various degenerative diseases, many people feel that the negative points out-weigh the positive ones. The Vatican stated that, If what they call in their article an early embryo isnt human life, then what is? This is also the response from many other religious organizations who feel that cloning human embryos is wrong. Another major ethical concern with regards to human cloning is the issue of life and death. Some p ...

Cold Dark Matter (CDM)

Cold Dark Matter (CDM) The universe is made up of at least two kinds of matter. Primarily, theres the material we can detect, which astronomers call baryonic matter. Its thought of as ordinary matter because its made of protons and neutrons, which can be measured. Baryonic matter includes stars and galaxies, plus all the objects they contain. However, there is also stuff out there in the universe that cant be detected through normal observational means. Yet, it does exist because astronomers can measure its gravitational effect on baryonic matter. Astronomers call this material dark matter because, well, its dark. It doesnt reflect or emit light. This mysterious form of matter presents some major challenges to understanding a great many things about the universe, going right back to the beginning, some 13.7 billion years ago.   The Discovery of Dark Matter Decades ago, astronomers found that there wasnt enough mass in the universe to explain things like the rotation of stars in  galaxies and the movements of star clusters. Mass affects an objects motion through space, whether its a galaxy or a star or a planet. Judging by the way some galaxies rotated, for example, it appeared that there was more mass out there somewhere. But, it wasnt being detected. It was somehow missing from the mass inventory they assembled using stars and nebulae to assign a galaxy a given mass. Dr. Vera Rubin and her team were observing galaxies when they first noticed a difference between expected rotation rates (based on estimated masses of those galaxies) and the actual rates they observed. Researchers began to dig more deeply into figuring out where all the missing mass had gone. They considered that perhaps our  understanding of physics, i.e. general relativity, was flawed, but too many other things didnt add up. So, they decided that perhaps the mass was still there, but simply not visible. While it is still possible that we are missing something fundamental in our theories of gravity, the second option has been more palatable to physicists. Out of that revelation was born the idea of dark matter. Theres observational evidence for it around galaxies, and theories and models point to the involvement of dark matter early in the universes formation. So, astronomers and cosmologists know its out there, but havent yet figured out what it is yet. Cold Dark Matter (CDM) So, what could dark matter be? As of yet, there are only theories and models. They can actually be slotted into three general groups: hot dark matter (HDM), warm dark matter (WDM), and cold dark matter (CDM). Of the three, CDM has long been the leading candidate for what this missing mass in the universe is. However, some researchers still favor a combination theory, where aspects of all three types of dark matter exist together to make up the total missing mass. CDM is a kind of dark matter that, if it exists, moves slowly compared to the speed of light. It is thought to have been present in the universe since the very beginning and has very likely influenced the growth and evolution of galaxies. as well as the formation of the first stars. Astronomers and physicists think that its most likely some exotic particle that hasnt yet been detected. It very likely has some very specific properties: It would have to lack an interaction with the electromagnetic force. This is fairly obvious, since dark matter is dark. Therefore it doesnt interact with, reflect, or radiate any type of energy in the electromagnetic spectrum.   However, any candidate particle that makes up cold dark matter would have to take into account that it has to interact with a gravitational field. For proof of this, astronomers have noticed that dark matter accumulations in galaxy clusters wield a gravitational influence on light from more distant objects that happens to be passing by. This so-called gravitational lensing effect has been observed many times. Candidate Cold Dark Matter Objects While no known matter meets all of the criteria for cold dark matter, at least three theories have been advanced to explain CDM (if they exist). Weakly Interacting Massive Particles: Also known as WIMPs, these particles, by definition, meet all the needs of CDM. However, no such particle has ever been found to exist. WIMPs have become the catch all term for all cold dark matter candidates, regardless of why the particle is thought to arise.  Axions: These particles possess (at least marginally) the necessary properties of dark matter, but for various reasons are probably not the answer to the question of cold dark matter..MACHOs: This is an acronym for Massive Compact Halo Objects, which are objects like black holes, ancient neutron stars, brown dwarfs and planetary objects. These are all non-luminous and massive. But, because of their large sizes, both in terms of volume and mass, they would be relatively easy to detect by monitoring localized gravitational interactions. However, there are problems with the MACHO hypothesis. The observed motion of galaxies, for instance, is uniform in a way that would be hard to explain if MACHOs supplied the missing mass. Furthermore, star clusters would require a very uniform distribution of such objects within their boundaries. That seems very unlikely. Also, the sheer number of MACHOs that would have to be fairly large in order to explain the missing mass. Right now, the mystery of dark matter doesnt have an obvious solution - yet. Astronomers continue to design experiments to search for these elusive particles. When they do figure out what they are and how they are distributed throughout the universe, they will have unlocked another chapter in our understanding of the cosmos. Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

A Mexican Viewpoint on The War with the United States Assignment

A Mexican Viewpoint on The War with the United States - Assignment Example First, the Mexican internal state of affairs in the 1840s could have not made it easy for her to show aggression against the US. During this period, Mexico had diverse internal challenges majorly caused by dictatorial rulers. To begin with was Santa Anna dictatorship between 1841 t0 1843. This was followed by the shaky and oppressive rule of the Centralist Republic in 1945 and later culminated by the dictatorial rule of Mariano Paredes which lasted for eight months. The stormy political state of affairs from 1841 to 1847 which was marked by the rule of six presidents who came to power either through military uprising or populists approach tended to drain the strength of Mexico. This could have not left some strength for Mexico to invade US. It is in 1847 that Mexico saw the light of the day as far as political stability is concerned. As can be seen from this evidence, the US was therefore a serious bother to Mexico who already had its internal challenges to deal with. The invasion of Mexico by the US therefore caused a backlog of challenges to Mexico. Secondly, the separation of Texas from Mexico’s territory to the United States territory became a propaganda that was used by the enemies to pin down Mexico. As Valasco explains, the idea of Texas separation and the intention to reclaim it back to Mexico became a tool to tear or justify, revive or enhance the important figures or political parties or revolutionary movement. This even worsened even skyrocketed the instability that was already being experienced in Mexico. In order to avoid the looming war, Mexico suggested an idea of peaceful negotiation with the US to ensure that Texas remained within their territory and that no war took place. This idea was easily thwarted leaving Mexico with nothing to cling onto but to face the US head on in the war. Third, the

UCC and Common Law Case Scenarios - Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UCC and Common Law Case Scenarios - - Essay Example Due to floods, Cereal Inc warehouse is flooded and cereals destroyed that result in the inability to supply as stated in the contract. However, soggy flakes is not damaged and supplies 10 bags to grocery Inc. Besides, before the delivery was made, Grocery Inc had requested to be supplied with a variety of cereals at its different stores. Due to the inconvenience Grocery Inc wants to turn down the supply and terminate the contract. Even though it is within their rights to be supplied with the cereals they had specified at different stores, a complication will arise if they cancel the supply and the contract. The supplier will protect themselves by using the gap-filling rule. In the contract, it is not specified what type of cereals to be supplied or where to be supplied. The gap can be used in the defense that Cereal Inc had the right to choose what to supply and where to deliver it. The gap-filling rule gives a party of the contract the possibility of concluding some aspects of the contract that are not specific. In this case, it was not articulate on the type of cereals to be supplied or the store they were to be delivered. Cereal Inc can use this as its defense as the cause of the damages was not deliberate and the fact that inability to make the supplies was not the intention at the time of signing the contract. The amicable way of dealing with this case is for both parties to have a consensus. Grocery Inc should not be in a hurry to terminate the contract and cancel the supplies. They should give Cereal Inc time to recover from the loss. Alternatively, the contract can be amended such that it is specific on the type of supplies and the destination. Tom had promised to sell his model trains to Harry once he retired. Harry prepared by building a house to store them and borrowed money to pay for them. However, when the time came Tom did not honor his promise. Tom was sued by Harry for breach of

The Attendance to Five Art Events Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 440

The Attendance to Five Art Events - Essay Example An example is the Inventing Impressionism event that was earlier this ye\r displaying various portraits with an example below.The commencement of the tour was on November 7, and 8 of 2015 with gates open from 9 in the morning and close at 5 in the evening. The visit to the small cottages and the towns tend to bring a new perspective of the local cultures of the cities and villages as well as the art and the cuisine. The best place to visit was the Bradbury Museum of Science that showcases the development stages of the atom bombs. Another important feature was the Bandelier National Monument that represents the cliff dwellings of ancient man and the Indian ruins as well as the petroglyphs. The date of the event was October 9 with the place open from 5 in the morning to 8 in the evening. The organizers were the CU Department of Fine Arts whose display was mostly the art facilities, the viewing of the BFA and the MFA students working in the studio and the discovery of new talents. The admission was free, and there was the message to encourage upcoming artists to develop more techniques and abilities. The Admission was also free, and the place had many people touring the various exhibitions. The event had the duration of four days that would commence on October 8 and end on the 11th of the same month. The locations of the event were between San Francisco and the Silicon Valley at the San Mateo center for events. The showcase was mainly a feature of the great artistic works of the 21st and the 20th centuries with a conjunction of works from other art galleries and art institutions. The work was a reflection of the high standards and the expectations of the Miami population in the display of the post-war blue-chip plus the works in the modern times. Other features in the exhibition were courtesy of emerging artists practicing new media. Below indicates a painting for the Armory show that was a particular event in the Silicon Valley.

Thesis writing guide Essay Example for Free

Thesis writing guide Essay The Centre for Graduate Studies of Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) would like to extend its appreciation to the members of staff who contributed their efforts and ideas in the preparation of this fourth edition of the Thesis Writing Guide. This manuscript was updated based on the third edition published in 2006. The Centre would also like to thank all parties involved in the publication of the manuscript. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES vii CHAPTER 1 THESIS STRUCTURE AND CONTENT 1 1. 1. Thesis definition 1 1. 2 Thesis structure 1 1. 3 Thesis status declaration 2 1. 4 Viva voce examination panel 3 1. 5 Title page 3 1. 6 Declaration page 3 1. 7 Dedication page (Optional) 3 1. 8 Acknowledgement page (Optional) 4 1. 9 Abstract 4 1. 10 Content page 4 1. 11 List of tables page 5 1. 12 List of figures page 5 1. 13 List of symbols and abbreviations page 5 1. 14 List of appendices page 5 1. 15 Text 6 1. 15. 1 References in the text 7 1. 15. 2 Tables in the text 7 iv 1. 15. 3 Figures in the text 8 1. 15. 4 Equation in the text 9 1. 16 References 9 1. 17 Appendices 10 1. 18 Vita 10 CHAPTER 2 SIZE AND FORMAT. 11 2. 1 Paper and size 11 2. 2 Margin 11 2. 3 Page numbering 11 2. 4 Numbering of chapters and sub-titles 12 2. 5 Typing 13 2. 6 Spacing and format 13 2. 7 Printing of documents 14 2. 8 Lettering and drawings 14 2. 9 Maximum number of pages 15 2. 10 Binding of thesis 15 2. 10. 1 Cover colour and letterings 15 2. 10. 2 Thesis cover 16 2. 10. 3 Thesis spine 16 2. 10. 4 Trimming 16 CHAPTER 3 FORMAT OF REFERENCES 17 3. 1 Introduction 17 3. 2 Author (Date) System 17 3. 2. 1 Writing cited information 19 3. 2. 2 Writing the reference list 21 3. 2. 3 Writing the names of authors 22 3. 2. 4 Referring different types of sources 23 v 3. 3 31 3. 3. 1 Citing references in the text 31 IEEE Format 31 3. 4. 1 Citing references in the text 3. 4 Referring to Electronic References 31 3. 4. 2 Writing Style in publishing of reference list 31 REFERENCES 36 APPENDIX 38 vi LIST OF TABLES 1. 1 Structure and content of thesis 1 CHAPTER 1 THESIS STRUCTURE AND CONTENT 1. 1 Definition The specific use of the word â€Å"thesis† in this guide refers to the academic writings submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the doctoral degree or the masters by research degree. The word â€Å"thesis† is also used in general to refer to the master’s project report and research dissertations, which are the documents submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of masters by coursework or mixed-mode, as well as the undergraduate project reports. 1. 2 Structure A thesis is made up of several sections, arranged in the sequence shown in Table 1. 1. Table 1. 1: Sequence of contents NO. SECTION REQUIREMENT EXAMPLE (APPENDIX) REMARKS 1 Blank Page 2 Declaration of Thesis Status Required A1/ A2/ A3/A4 Unnumbered 3 Examiners’ Declaration Required B Unnumbered 2 Table 1. 1 (continued) NO. SECTION REQUIREMENT 4 Title Required EXAMPLE (APPENDIX) C1/ C2/ C3 5 Student’s Declaration Required D1 /D2 6 Dedication Optional E 7 Acknowledgements Optional F 8 Abstract Required 9 Contents Required G1a/ G1b/ G2a G2b H 10 List of Tables Required I 11 List of Figures Required J 12 Required K 13 List of Symbols and Abbreviations List of Appendices Required L 14 Text Required M 15 References Required P1/P2 16 Appendices Optional 17 Vita Required Q 1. 3 REMARKS Unnumbered but considered as (i) Lowercase Roman numeral (ii) Lowercase Roman numeral Lowercase Roman numeral Lowercase Roman numeral Lowercase Roman  numeral Lowercase Roman numeral Lowercase Roman numeral Lowercase Roman numeral Lowercase Roman numeral Arabic numeral starting with the page number Arabic numeral continued with text Arabic numeral continued with text Unnumbered Declaration of thesis status The status of a thesis must be declared by completing the Thesis Status Form as shown in APPENDICES A1-A4. If a thesis is to be classified as confidential or limited, a letter seeking this classification must be obtained from the organisations concerned and submitted to the Dean of the Centre for Graduate Studies, the Dean of the Faculty or related academic centres. The approval letter must state the reasons for and duration of the classification. The typical duration for this classification is three years. Where an author classifies a thesis as unlimited, the University shall assume that the thesis is non-confidential. Copies of the thesis can be made and used by Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. 3 1. 4 Viva voce examination panel The names of the members of the viva voce examination panel shall be included as shown in APPENDIX B. This page is not applicable for the master’s project report or the undergraduate project report. 1. 5 Title. The title page must contain the following information in the following order: (i) Title of the thesis; (ii) Full name of the student; (iii) Statement on the purpose of the thesis submission; (iv) Name of the faculty or centre where the student is registered; (v) Name of the University; and (vi) The month and year the thesis was written and accepted. Theses for the Master’s degree by research and the Doctor of Philosophy degree must be approved by the Graduate Studies Committee (Jawatankuasa Pengajian Siswazah), whilst others must be approved by the relevant committee. (Please refer to APPENDICES C1-C3) 1. 6 Declaration The declaration page contains a statement declaring the originality of the thesis. It must be signed by the author. Please refer to APPENDICES D1-D2. 1. 7 Dedication (optional) The dedication message must be concise, must not exceed one paragraph and must not contain any numbers, graphs or figures. Please refer to APPENDIX E. 4 1. 8 Acknowledgements (optional) Acknowledgements must be written on a single page only. Its purpose is to record the author’s appreciation for individuals or organisations that provided their assistance either directly or indirectly in the preparation of the thesis. Please refer to APPENDIX F. 1. 9 Abstract The abstract is a short summary of the thesis. It should describe the rationale and objectives (problem statement), the methodology, as well as the findings and conclusion of the study undertaken. The abstract must not be longer than 250 words for a Master’s thesis or Master’s project report and not longer than 350 words for a Doctoral thesis written in two languages, Bahasa Melayu and English. For a thesis written in English, the abstract must be written in English first followed by its Malay translation on the next page. Do not include any literature review, unexplained abbreviations, limitations or suggestions for future research in the abstract. It must be written with a spacing of one and a half (1? ) lines. Please refer example abstract for engineering at APPENDIX G1a and APPENDIX G2a and example abstract for social science at APPENDIX G1b and APPENDIX G2b. 1. 10 Table of contents The table of contents must begin on a new page. The information is organised by chapter, topic and page number. Every chapter, topic and page number shown in the table of contents must correspond to the same chapter, topic and page number in the thesis. Sub-titles may be displayed up to three levels only. Please refer to APPENDIX H. 1. 11 List of tables This page contains a list of all tables presented in the thesis. Information such as table numbers, table captions and the corresponding page numbers where the tables 5 appear must be shown clearly in the list. The list must be ordered by chapter. Please refer to APPENDIX I. 1. 12 List of figures All illustrations included in the text such as maps, charts, drawings, graphs, pictures and photos are considered as ‘Figures’. The list of figures contains all the figure numbers, titles and the corresponding page numbers on which they appear. The list of figures must be ordered by chapter. Please refer to APPENDIX J. 1. 13 List of symbols and abbreviations This page lists down all the symbols, abbreviations, nomenclature and terminology used in the text. The order of writing them is as follows: Roman letter alphabetical order Greek letter alphabetical order Superscript alphabetical order Subscript alphabetical order Please refer to APPENDIX K. For further information on spelling and abbreviations, students are advised to refer to the latest edition of the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary published by Oxford University Press. 1. 14 List of appendices. This page lists down the appendices included with the thesis. Please refer to APPENDIX L. 1. 15 Text Text in the thesis must be organised in titled chapters. The titles must reflect the content of the chapter. Every chapter must begin on a new page. Chapters can be divided into sub-chapters with corresponding sub-titles. Titles and sub-titles must be 6 numbered. Please refer to APPENDIX O. There is no restriction on the total number of chapters in a thesis. Generally, a thesis will have the following basic structure. (a) Introduction This chapter describes the aim, objectives and scope of the research as well as the structure of the thesis. (b) Literature review The literature review is a critically written and comprehensive account of the published works on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. It is directly related to the thesis, providing information on theories, models, materials and techniques used in the research. c) Methodology This important chapter explains in detail the samples, instruments, materials, procedures and data gathering methods used in the research. (d) Data analysis and results This chapter explains the data analysis techniques and results through written text, figures, tables, and/or other means. (e). Discussion and conclusions In this chapter, the writer discusses the results and research findings by comparing them with the previous research work mentioned in the literature review chapter. Conclusions are drawn based on the research findings and their implications. Future works are also discussed. Students who need to translate their theses are advised to refer to the latest edition of Gaya Dewan Bahasa dan Pedoman Translasi published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. 1. 15. 1 References in the text When an information or idea is taken from a source, the author of the source must be acknowledged in the text. References cited in the text must be written according to the style prescribed in CHAPTER 3: FORMAT OF REFERENCES. 7 1. 15. 2 Tables in the text All tables must be numbered using Arabic numerals. Table numbers must be linked to the chapter number. For example, the third table appearing in Chapter 4 is numbered, â€Å"Table 4. 3†. The caption for a table is placed 1. 5 lines above the table and written in Times New Roman font, size 12 without a period at the end and left justified with single line spacing between lines. The text in the table must be written using Times New Roman font, size 10 and single line spacing between lines. If a table extends beyond the end of a page, its continuation on the next page must, for example, be labeled, â€Å"Table 4. 3 (continued)†. As an example, please refer to Table 1. 1 on pages 12. If a table is taken from a particular source, the source must be stated at the end of the caption. Please refer to APPENDIX N. A table can only be presented after it is cited in the text. All tables that appear in the text must be listed in the list of tables as shown in APPENDIX I. 1. 15. 3 Figures in the text All figures must be of high quality and numbered using Arabic numerals. Figure numbers must be linked to the chapter number. For example, the third table/graph/chart/etc appearing Chapter 4 is numbered, â€Å"Figure 4. 3†. The caption for a figure is placed 1. 5 lines below the table/graph/chart/etc and written in font size 12 without a period at the end with single line spacing between lines. If a figure extends beyond the end of a page, its continuation on the next page must, for example, be labeled, â€Å"Figure 4. 3 (continued)†. If a figure is taken from a particular source, the source must be stated at the end of the caption. Please refer to APPENDIX N. A figure is best placed immediately after it is cited in the text. All figures that appear in the text must be listed in the list of figures as shown in APPENDIX J. Illustrations in diskettes, on slides or in other similar mediums must be placed inside a specially made pocket attached on the inside back cover of the thesis. Illustrations with large dimensions, such as plans and maps, must be reduced in size to fit into a single page. Illustrations must comply with the following conditions: 8 1. 15. 3. 1 Photographs Photographs used as illustration must be affixed in the text using high quality glue or other better techniques. 1. 15. 3. 2 Newspaper and other clippings. A clear and high quality photocopied version of the actual clipping must be used instead of the original. 1. 15. 3. 3 Maps and aerial photographs Maps and aerial photographs intended to be included in a thesis must have obtained prior written permission from the Ketua Pengarah Pemetaan Negara (Director General of National Mapping). Illustrations must be scanned and printed using a high resolution colour printer. 1. 15. 4 Mathematical equations Mathematical equations must be numbered using Arabic numerals. Equation numbers must be written at the end of the equation and linked to the chapter number. For example, the numbers (4. 3) and (4. 4) are given to the third and fourth equations respectively that appear in Chapter 4, as follows: y2= 32 + 3xy + C (4. 3) z = 106 + 9y5+84 + 7y6x5 + 6y5x4 + 54 + 4y4x3 + 3y3x2 + 2y2x + yx 1. 16 (4. 4) References References are the sources referred to when preparing a thesis and cited in the text of the thesis. Thesis writers are required to list down all cited materials in the list 9 of references (refer to APPENDIX P1 and APPENDIX P2). The list of references must be prepared according to the format prescribed in CHAPTER 3: FORMAT OF REFERENCES. 1. 17. Appendices (optional) The appendix section gives an author the opportunity to include materials that can provide additional information in the text to support the study. These materials include tables, charts, computer programmes and questionnaires. Here are some guidelines for the appendix. (a) Research data, tables, examples of questionnaires, maps, photos and other materials that are too long to be included in the text or are not directly required to comprehend the text can be included as appendices. Generally, tables and graphics that are more than two pages long should be put in the appendix section. (b) Appendices are labelled as APPENDIX A, APPENDIX B, etc depending on the type and quantity of the materials. Appendices can also be given specific titles. 1. 18 Vita Students must provide a one-page â€Å"Vita† of themselves to be placed at the end of the thesis after the appendices. This â€Å"Vita† page is unnumbered. See APPENDIX Q for an example of the â€Å"Vita† page. CHAPTER 2 SIZE AND FORMAT 2. 1 Paper quality and size Only high quality A4 size (210 mm x 297 mm) white simili paper, weighing 80 grams, may be used for the thesis. 2. 2 Margin The margins should be 4 cm from the left, 2. 5 cm from the top, 2. 5 cm from the right and 2. 5 cm from the bottom, on every page including the cover. 2. 3 Page numbering Number the pages according to the sequence given in Table 1. 1. The page number must be written at the top right corner, 1. 5 cm from the top and 2. 5 cm from the right, measured from the last digit of the page number. The page numbering system must conform to the following rules: (i) The preface of the thesis, starting from the title page, must be numbered using lower case Roman numerals (i, ii, iii and so on); the text pages and the rest of the thesis must be numbered using Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on). (ii). The first page of the thesis, the title page, is an unnumbered page ‘i’. (iii) The first page of Chapter 1 is unnumbered but is considered as page ‘1’. The same applies to the first page of all the following Chapters, where the first 12 page is unnumbered but taken into account for the purpose of numbering the subsequent pages. 2. 4 Numbering of chapters and sub-chapters Chapters and sub-chapters must be numbered using Arabic numerals. Chapters are numbered CHAPTER 1, CHAPTER 2, CHAPTER 3, and so on. Sub-chapters are nested, but its numbering is not indented, up to a maximum of 4 levels as in the example shown below: CHAPTER 2 First level (Chapter number) 2. 1 Level 2 (sub-title); 2. 1. 1 Level 3 (sub-sub-title); 2. 1. 1. 1 Level 4 (sub-sub-sub-title) If a chapter title or sub-title at any level exceeds a single line, the spacing between the lines must be the same as that of the text. Subsequent sub-chapters beyond the fourth nesting level must be numbered using alphabets. The distance between the title number and the title is one (1) cm irrespective of its nesting level (refer to APPENDIX R). 2. 5 Typing The thesis should be typed out on a computer in Times New Roman font, size 12, and using Microsoft Word version 6. 0 or later, except for tables and figures (refer to 1. 14. 2 and 1. 14. 3). Words in a language that is different from the language of the thesis must be typed in italics. The spacing between text lines should be 1. 5 lines. Text should be typed on one side of a paper only. Chapter titles should be typed with capital letters and centered between the left and right margins. Each chapter must begin on a new page. Chapters and subchapters should be titled. Titles should be typed in bold without underline. Only the first letter of the first word of a sub-title should be in uppercase. 13 2. 6 Spacing and format. Students must adhere to the following text spacing guidelines: (i) The spacing between the upper margin and a chapter number is 2. 5 cm. (ii) The spacing between the chapter number and the chapter title is 4 lines. (iii) The spacing between the chapter title and the first line of text is 2 lines. (iv) The spacing between a sub-title and the last line of the preceding text is 2 lines. (v) The spacing between a sub-title and the first line of the following text is 2 lines. (vi) There should be no spacing between paragraphs. (vii) Start a sub-title, including its numbering, from the left margin. (viii). Start the first line of text of the first paragraph below the sub-title without any indent, beginning from the left margin; the following paragraphs should be indented 1. 27 cm from the left margin. (ix) Do not start the first sentence of a new paragraph at the bottom of a page if the space available can only fit one line. (x) The text should be left justified except for the first line of the first paragraph in a section. (Refer to (viii) above). The author is responsible for removing any excess space between words. (xi) The spacing between the last line of text and a Table, Figure or Illustration should be 1 line. (xii) The spacing between a period (. ) and the first letter of the next sentence of the same paragraph is at least one (1) character. (xiii) 2. 7 The spacing after a comma (,) is at least one (1) character. Printing of documents Theses must be typed out using a computer and printed using a laser printer or a printer with an equivalent print quality. 14 2. 8 Letterings and drawings Letterings and drawings should be clear so that copies made will be of satisfactory quality without any loss of information. 2. 9 Maximum number of pages The maximum number of pages for a thesis is as follows: Undergraduate Project Report: should not exceed 100 pages Master’s Project Report and Thesis: should not exceed 200 pages Doctor of Philosophy Thesis: should not exceed 300 pages These limits do not include tables, diagrams and other illustrations except appendices. Students who intend to write a thesis that exceeds the given limit must obtain a written approval from the Dean of the Centre for Graduate Studies or the Dean of the Faculty (for undergraduate reports) by submitting an application through their supervisors. 2. 10 Binding All theses must be bound. A thesis must be temporarily bound (spiral binding) for the purpose of examination, and may only be hard-bound after obtaining the approval of the Graduate Studies Committee or other committee(s) for the related programme. 2. 10. 1 Cover colour and letterings For submission to the University, theses must be permanently bound with buckram covers and gold letterings using regular Times New Roman font, size 18. The colour codes for the cover are as follows: (i) Doctor of Philosophy Thesis: Black (585) (ii) Master’s Thesis: Moss Green (557) (iii) Undergraduate Project Report: New Blue (550) 15 2. 10. 2 Cover The thesis cover must be of A4 size (210mm x 297mm). The title, author’s name and the words ‘Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia’ must be written in capital letters on the front cover of the thesis, as shown in APPENDIX S. 2. 10. 3 Spine The abbreviated name of the University, â€Å"UTHM†, the author’s name, the month and the year the thesis is approved* and the level of study must be stated on the spine, as shown in APPENDIX T. *Date of status confirmation for undergraduate Project Report/Master’s Project Report/Master’s Thesis/Doctoral Thesis (Refer Appendix A1-A4) 2. 10. 4 Trimming. The thesis can only be trimmed by 2. 5 mm on each side of the A4 paper during binding. CHAPTER 3 FORMAT OF REFERENCES 3. 1 Introduction Sources that are referred to in a thesis, whether published or not, must be stated. The source of information must be acknowledged in the text as well as in the reference list. Proper acknowledgement is important because it will help others locate and verify the original sources. Furthermore, proper citation can avoid allegations of plagiarism. Acknowledgements in the text must be linked to the list of reference using the â€Å"Author (Date)† system or the â€Å"Number (IEEE) Format†. 3. 2 Author (Date) System The system is also known as the American Psychological Association (APA) system. 3. 2. 1 Citing references in the text A reference can be written in a sentence itself or at the end of a sentence. (a) In the Author (Date) style, the year of publication must be placed in brackets after the name of the author. For example; According to Mohamed (2005), a large proportion of scheduling problems in the various sectors, such as economic and engineering, can be classified with a class of problems known as constrained optimisation. (b). If a reference is not cited in the sentence itself, the author’s name and year of 17 publication must be written within brackets. For example; Therefore, research on effective solution methods for constraint optimisation has become the focus of current research (Mohamed, 2005). (c) If a source of reference is authored by two people, state both authors’ names. For example; Maintenance scheduling has been researched for a long time, for example in the generation of power by Kralj Petrevic (1995) (d) If a reference contains three authors, state all three names the first time it is referred to in the text. For the second and subsequent times it is mentioned, state only the first author’s name followed by â€Å"et al. † and year. For example; A study by Alias, Black Gray (2002) shows that engineering students have lower spatial visualisation ability than required. Since this ability is important in solving engineering problems, it needs to be improved among engineering students (Alias et al. , 2002). (e) For a reference with four or more authors, state only the name of the first author followed by â€Å"et al. † and year. (f). Use lowercase letters (a, b, c) to differentiate between two or more publications published in the same year by the same author. For example; An example of an application that uses a constraint programming language is ILOG Solver by Puget and Albert (1994a). In addition, Puget and Albert (1994b) also found that the use of object is widespread, especially within artificially intelligent programming. (g) Secondary sources may not be cited. Thesis authors must refer to the original reference source. An example of a secondary source is given below: Ali (in Abu, 2000) emphasised that . 3. 2. 2 Writing cited information There are three main ways to acknowledge the source of an idea or information cited in the text, namely (a) quotation, (b) paraphrasing and (c) summarising. examples that follow are based on the following excerpt: The 18 Biological time is not only scientifically important, but it also greatly affects the productivity and health of a nation. The cost to the nation’s health of working out of phase with our biological clocks is probably incalculable at present. In the short term, poor sleep, gastrointestinal problems, higher accident rate, and social problems are evident. (p. 1000) Source: Rajaratnam, S. (2001). Health in a 24-hr society. Lancet, 358, pp. 999 – 1005. 3. 2. 2. 1 Quotation Words of an author may be quoted exactly by the writer to support an argument. When a direct quotation from a source is taken, it should run into the text with double quotation marks if it is reasonably brief (three (3) or less sentences) with the end-of-sentence period in the normal place. (a) Emphasis on the writer To give emphasis to the writer, the author’s name is written at the beginning of the sentence. For example; Rajaratnam (2001) concluded that, â€Å"The cost to the nation’s health of working out of phase with our biological clocks is probably incalculable at present. † (p. 1000). Furthermore (b) Emphasis on the idea To emphasise the idea, the author’s name is written at the end of the sentence. For example; A lot of discussion has been made on the cost of working out of phase with our biological clocks. â€Å"The cost to the nation’s health of working out of phase with our biological clocks is probably incalculable at present† (Rajaratnam, 2001, p. 1000). Therefore, A quotation containing more than three sentences must be set off from the text as a paragraph on its own with 1 cm indent, placing the period at the end of the quoted text with no period after the reference citation page number. Single spacing should be used for block quotations. For example; According to a renowned scholar (Rajaratnam, 2001), Biological time is not only scientifically important, but it also greatly affects the productivity and health of a nation. The cost to the nation’s health of working out of phase with our biological clocks is probably incalculable at present. In the 19 short term, poor sleep, gastrointestinal problems, higher accident rate, and social problems are evident. (p. 1000) 3. 2. 2. 2 Paraphrasing The paraphrasing method is used to acknowledge information taken from the original author by rewording the original text without altering its meaning nor providing the writer’s own interpretation. For example; Rajaratnam (2001) argues that while the notion of biological time is of scientific importance, it is also economically and socially significant at a national level. He points to the health, productivity and social problems which may be attributed to individuals working â€Å"out of phase† with their internal clocks. 3. 2. 2. 3 Summarising The writer may summarise cited text in his/her own words to present the key points of an author’s arguments or ideas, without altering the meaning. For example; In his conclusion, Rajaratnam (2001) points to the possible economic and social costs incurred by a nation, when individuals work â€Å"out of phase† with their biological clocks. 3. 2. 3 Writing the reference list All sources of reference that are cited in the thesis must be listed at the end of the text under the title â€Å"REFERENCES†. Do not use the word â€Å"BIBLIOGRAPHY† because it indicates a list of all sources that was referred to including those not cited in the text. The reference list must be in alphabetical order. Two or more sources by one author must be listed in chronological order. For example a 2002 publication by Suradi must be listed before his 2007 publication. 20 3. 2. 4 Writing the names of authors. In general, an author’s surname (family name) or patronymic name (father’s name) is written first followed by the initials of his/her other names. This is a common system used in academic writing internationally. Examples of how to write an author’s name are as follows: (i) Name : Malik ibn Anas : Ibn Anas, M. Name : Tan Beng Keat : Tan, B. K. Name : Raymond Tan Beng Keat : Tan, R. B. K. Name : Srinivasan Venkataraman : Venkataraman, S. Name : S. N. Gupta : Gupta, S. N. Name : Pretam Singh Written as : Singh, P. Name : Yasunori Matsufuji Written as (x) : Al-Attas, S. M. N. Written : (ix) : Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas. Written as (viii) Name Written as (vii) : Abdullah, M. N. Written as (vi) : Mohd Noor Abdullah Written as (v) Name Written as (iv) : Pavlovic, J. N. Written as (iii) : John Neville Pavlovic Written as (ii) Name : Matsufuji, Y. 3. 2. 5 References from different types of sources In thesis writing, references can be made to various types of sources. The following examples can be used as a guide in writing the different types of sources in the reference list. 21 3. 2. 5. 1 Books The major elements that must be included when an article is taken from a book are as follows: Author (Year). Title of book. Edition. Location: Publisher. An example of a reference by one author; Race, P. (2002). How to Get a Good Degree: Making the Most of Your Time at University. Buckingham: Open University Press. An example of a reference by two or three authors; Creme, P. Lea, M. R. (2003). Writing at University. 2nd ed. Maiden: Open University Press. Delamont, S. , Atkinson, P. Parry, O. (2004). Supervising the Doctorate: A Guide to Success. 2nd ed. Maidenhead: Society for Research into Higher Education Open University Press. For publications that have more than one author, the word â€Å"and† and â€Å"dan† is replaced by the symbol â€Å"†. If the book has an editor, the name of the editor must also be written. The general format is as follows: Editor (Ed. ) (Year). Title of book. Location: Publisher. As an example; Martin, A. M. (Ed. ) (1991). Peat as an Agent in Biological Degradation of Waste. London: Elsevier. The page numbers are required if the editor edits part of the book. As an example; Lees, R. H. (Ed. ) (1974). Chemical Nomenclature Usage. Chischester: Ellis Horwood. pp. 314-362. 3. 2. 5. 2 Articles from books The major elements that must be included when an article is taken from a book are as follows: Author (Year). Title of article. in Author. Title of book. Location: Publisher. Page numbers. For example; 22 Sarmani, S. (1987). Pencemaran Radioaktif. in Mohamad, A. B. (Ed. ). Perspektif Persekitaran. Petaling Jaya: Fajar Bakti. pp. 71 -87. 3. 2. 5. 3 Articles from journals The major elements that must be included when an article is taken from a journal are as follows: Author (Year). Title of article. Title of journal, vol. no. (issue no. ), page numbers. For example; Mikac, N. Branica, M. (1994). Complexation of trialkyllead with diethyldithiocarbonate. Electroanalysis, 6(2), pp. 37 – 43.